(Magadan, Russia, September 6-10, 1994)
Introduction
Section 1: Stratigraphy and biostratigraphic correlation.
Section 2: The Arctic Paleoclimates and Paleogeography
Section 3: The Regional Correlation of Terranes and Paleobasins
Section 4: Regional Geophysics, Lithosphere Dynamics and Seismology
Section 5: Metallogeny and Mineral Resources of Eastern Arctic
Section 6: Hydrocarbons
Section 7: Permafrost, Engineering Geology and Mining Ecology
Round-table Discussion: Present and Future Cooperative Alliances Between Science, Industry and Government of Northern Countries
The International Conference on Arctic Margins, ICAM-94, was held in Magadan, northeastern Russia on September 6-10, 1994. This Conference was co-hosted by the North East Science Center Far East Branch of the Russia Academy of Sciences, and the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska at Fairbanks.
The ICAM-94 meeting was prepared and held at hard times for Russia. More than 400 people expressed their wish to participate in this meeting, and more than 280 Abstracts were submitted and published. (Proceedings) In the course of the preparation for the ICAM-94, a number of papers were published generalizing different problems of geology in northeastern Russia including the stratigraphy of Triassic (Yu.M.Bychkov) and Cretaceous (V.P.Pokhialainen), the geology of the Okhotsk-Chukchi Volcanic Belt (V.F.Belyi), alkalic volcanism (V.V.Akinin and Yu.E.Apt), metallogeny (A.A.Sidorov et al.). A number of some other reviewing papers on geology are also planned to be published. M.E.Gorodinsky prepared the English version of the geologic guide for gold-mining enterprises in the Kolyma area, that is the so-called "Golden Ring of Kolyma". The second English-Russian edition of the Directory for the North East Science Center, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, and "The Atlas of Multiple Gold and Silver Prediction Models for Northeastern Russia" were issued for the ICAM-94 meeting.
Despite a large number of Abstracts submitted for the ICAM-94 meeting, most of Russian scientists failed to attend this Conference due to very high prices for air tickets. Unfortunately, all requests made by the ICAM-94 Organizing Committee to the Russia Funds of Fundamental Studies, the Government of the Federation of Russia and the Soros International Scientific Funds remained unfulfilled. The ICAM-94 meeting was actually financed from the registration fees of the participants.
The ICAM-94 meeting took place the Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute of the Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch. The scientific program of the meeting and published Abstracts were distributed among the participants. Unfortunately, the Proceedings of the previous International Conference on Arctic Margins (to be distributed among the participants of the ICAM-94 and bags and badges with the ICAM-94 symbols manufactured in Anchorage by a special order were not delivered to Magadan by the beginning of the ICAM-94 meeting) were not delivered by Alaska Airlines Company. As a result, the ICAM-94 Organizing Committee suffered finance losses more than 2000 $ U.S.
For the ICAM-94 participants, there were 9 excursions to the Geologic Museum of the Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute and "Golden Room" of the Sevvostgeolkom Geologic Museum, 3 excursions to the Regional Museum of Local Nature and History, and 3 bus excursions round the city. The field trip "Golden Ring of Kolyma" was conducted on September 9-20, and its participants were 11 representatives of mining industry of Canada, U.S., Australia and Japan.
Despite quite a difficult finance situation, the ICAM-94 meeting was generally a success. More than 60 researchers and specialists from 12 Universities, 6 Federal Surveys and 10 gold-mining and oil companies from the U.S., Canada, England, Australia, Germany, Netherlands, South Korea and Japan participated in the work of this Conference.
The Russian side was represented at this Conference by more than 60 researchers from 10 Institute of the Russia Academy of Sciences, and the Yakutsk State University, 6 industrial enterprises from Magadan, Yakutsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Novosibirsk, Anadyr, Sankt-Peterburg, Moscow and Yuzno-Sakhalinsk.
In total, more than 130 people officially participated in the ICAM-94 meeting, representing 45 different organizations, and, besides them, more than 50 people from different science, industrial and public organizations and private companies of Magadan participated in the work of some sections, symposia and the round-table session.
The ICAM-94 meeting had 7 sections, 4 symposia and a round-table session. The Marine Geology Section scheduled for the ICAM-94 was not held, as the marine geologists, who plan to deliver their presentations at this section, didn't arrive in Magadan. Both oral and poster presentations were made in all sections and symposia, that were conducted at the same time. There were 103 oral and 43 poster presentations made at the ICAM-94 meeting. The results of the work of the ICAM-94 sections and symposia can be summarized as follows: [ Return to Top ]
Section 1: Stratigraphy and biostratigraphic correlation.
Leader: Dr. V.P.Pokhialainen (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Scientific Secretary: I.A.Rudakova (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan).More than 30 reports were proposed for this section, and there were 8 oral and 10 poster presentations of this number made at this section. The presentations considered different aspects of Precambrian stratigraphy and biostratigraphy in North America, the stratigraphy of Paleozoic and Triassic marine rocks in northeastern Asia, different problems of palynostratigraphy of Cretaceous deposits in northern Pacific and Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the results of sea drilling in northern Atlantic. The participants of the discussion marked the original character and a high scientific level of the made presentations.
Within this section there were two symposia held as follows:
1) "The Cretaceous Volcanic Belts of Arctic Circumpacific". Leaders: Dr.V.F.Belyi (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Dr. T.K.Bundtzen (Geologic and Geophysical Survey of Alaska, Fairbanks), Scientific Secretary: Dr. V.V.Akinin (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan). For this symposium , 8 reports were proposed for the presentation; three of these reports were delivered and raised a significant interest of the audience, including those participating in other sections and symposia.
2) "The Late Cenozoic Basic and Ultrabasic Alkalic Volcanism in Beringia Province." Leaders: Dr. V.F.Belyi (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Dr. E.L.Moll-Stalcup (The U.S. Geological Survey, Reston), Scientific Secretary: Dr. V.V.Akinin (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan). For this symposium, 10 reports were proposed for the presentation, and 7 of them were delivered to the audience mostly interested in petrology and geochemistry of Late Cenozoic alkalic volcanics. The discussion held at this symposium was mostly aimed at the exchange of information between specialists directly involved in studies of Late Cenozoic volcanism of the Bering Sea area. The American colleagues expressed their wish to conduct joint studies of basaltoids of the Beringia Province together with the researchers from the Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch (Magadan).
Section 2: The Arctic Paleoclimates and Paleogeography.
Leader: Dr. T.De-Freitas (Geologic Survey of Canada, Calgary), Scientific Secretary: I.A.Rudakova (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan). For this section, 21 reports were proposed for the delivery, 5 of them were oral presentations and 1 poster presentation. Such questions as the reconstruction and correlation of Early-to-Mid Paleozoic and Cretaceous paleobasins in Arctic Canada, Alaska and Northeastern Russia were under consideration. The poster presentation of a series of paleogeographic charts of Arctic in Phanerozoic by J.Golonka was of a particular interest for the audience.
This section had a symposium devoted to New data obtained on the Beringia history in Late Cenozoic. Leaders: Dr. P.Anderson (The Washington State University, Seattle), Prof. D.M.Hopkins (The Alaska State University, Fairbanks) and Dr. A.V.Lozhkin (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Scientific Secretary: Dr. O.Yu.Glushkova (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan).
For this symposium, 16 reports were proposed and 9 of them were delivered to the audience. These presentations were devoted to the three main problems of the Beringia paleogeography in Late Cenozoic, that is: 1) the changes in Arctic marginal areas; 2) glaciation and interstadials; 3) the Beringia paleoecology in Late Cenozoic. The most interesting were the data presented on the Pinakul suite in Eastern Chukotka, that includes the deposits of the last interstadial having the age 125,000 years by amino acids, also the information about the use of the space radar to determine non-contemporaneous moraine occurrences, new data on palynologic and carbon datings of changes in vegetation and climate in the Elgygytgyn Lake area in northeastern Chukotka, and the results of palynologic and carbon dating analyzes of lake deposits in southern Chukotka and the Kolyma River upper run area. During the work of this symposium, there was a lively discussion of the model for an extensive glaciation of the Eurasia arctic areas in Pleistocene proposed by Dr.M.Grossvald. [ Return to Top ]
Section 3: The Regional Correlation of Terranes and Paleobasins.
Leaders: Dr. S.G.Byalobzhesky (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Dr. L.S.Lane (Geologic Survey of Canada, Calgary), Dr.W.L.Nokleberg (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park),Prof.L.M.Parfenov (The Institute of Geological Science, Russia Academy of Science Siberian Branch, Yakutsk), Scientific Secretary: V.B.Likman (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan). For this section, 36 scientific reports were proposed, and there were 14 oral presentations and 6 poster presentations.
The reports of a particular interest for the audience were "The Correlation of Major Terranes and Overlapping Complexes" by W.J.Nokleberg and co-authors from U.S., Canada and Russia, "The Correlation Round the Canadian Arctic Basin" by L.S.Lane and co-authors from Canada and Russia, "Differentiation of the Northern Circumpacific: Variations in Tectonic Style and Plate Tectonic Results" by E.L.Miller and co-authors, "The Most Important Problems of Tectonics in Northeastern Asia" by L.M.Parfenov and K.Fujita (U.S.), "The Formation of the Taimyr Folded Area during Riphean and Paleozoic" by V.A.Vernikovsky, and "The Tectonics and Geodynamics of the Southern Koryak Highlands and Kamchatka" by V.P.Zinkevich and N.V.Tsukanov.
These presentations and discussions provided for a better understanding by the audience of the regional tectonics of the vast eastern Arctic and northern Pacific folded rim and served as a basis to outline cooperative studies in future.
This section had a symposium on mantle gneiss domes, core metamorphic complexes and granite metamorphic domes. Leaders: Dr. M.L.Gelman (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Dr. E.L.Miller (Stanford University, Stanford), Scientific Secretary: Dr. A.V.Trushnin (Northeastern Research Center of Mineral Row). For this symposium, 12 reports were submitted, and 7 of them were presented to the audience.
The review presentations made by E.L.Miller (with co-authors) and M.L.Gelman hold that the granite metamorphic domes of Paleozoic and Late Cenozoic in northeastern Siberia have similar structures but differ for the duration of their geologic development. In the Omolon median mass, the development of domes as areas of a relative upwarping and volcanism centers, and the distribution of plutons and metamorphic zones proceeded since Late Proterozoic to Permian; these events were a prolonged transformation of the Earth's crust of Archean to Early Proterozoic ages and were similar to the granite series in western Europe. The geologic history of Late Mesozoic domes was much shorter, i.e. since Oxfordian till mid-Early Cretaceous, and the main regional metamorphism event was particularly short in their cores. Cretaceous domes in Alaska and North American Cordillera also have a short-term history of their formation and upwarping to the erosion surface level. Late Mesozoic domes are a particular phenomenon in the transformation history of the Earth's crust of continental blocks in the Prepacific rim. Tension-related tectonic environment is shown as the determinative factor for dome formation. The information available serves as a basis to make these general conclusions and specify the advantages of different methodologies, that is the historical geologic and petrologic methods mostly used in northeastern Russia and the structural geologic method with a consistent use of isotope geochemistry and geochronology methods preferred by American researchers.
The discussion of the presentations made at this symposium was lively and fruitful. The results of studies already performed will be also important for the continuation of joint Russian-American investigations of the Earth's crust evolution on the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea offshore areas under a large project, in which some of the participants of the symposium are involved. [ Return to Top ]
Section 4: Regional Geophysics, Lithosphere Dynamics and Seismology.
Leaders: Dr. Yu.Ya.Vaschilov (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Dr. L.I.Izmailov (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Dr. B.V.Kozmin (The Institute of Geological Science, Russia Academy of Science Siberian Branch, Yakutsk), Prof. K.Fujita (Geological Institute of the Alaska State University, Fairbanks), Scientific Secretary: V.V.Lyubomudrov (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan). For this section, 32 reports were submitted including 11 oral and 1 poster presentation. The reports were on three major problems as follows: 1) gravity and subduction; 2) deep structures; 3) paleomagnetism and geochronology.
Most of these reports contained a new information on different facets of geophysical studies in northeastern Russia and also demonstrated a non-trivial approach to solve these problems. The only report on the northern Pacific and its Euro-American continental rim was by Yu.V.Chudinov. The most interesting reports included those on the geologic and geophysical properties of the Laptev Sea bottom and coastal areas by B.V.Kozmin and K.Fujita with co-authors, seismic collapses by B.P.Vazhenin, etc.
The foreign participants presented new or reinterpreted data on the structure and tectonics of northeastern Russia; these greatly improved or called into some question earlier conclusions. The reinterpretations were based on more quantitative methods than used previously and show great potential in both seismic and gravimetric studies, both of the crust and the deep structure beneath the Sea of Okhotsk. For example, Okal relocated all historical seismicity to identify a seismically active zone beneath Sakhalin which was not detached from the rest of the subducting slab. This presentation on the modern Benioff-Vadati zone of the Kurils-Kamchatka island arc aroused a significant interest of the audience, but also demonstrated that the authors were unaware of results of many different studies conducted by Russian researchers with respect to this problem. Mackey relocated epicenters in the Magadan region and then inverted the data to simultaneously obtain seismic velocities and crustal structure, eliminating effects of mislocations and systematic timing errors. Norton used gravity data from the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma Mesozoides to make refined crustal models. New data, using new or improved methods were used to identify a magnetic overprint which calls some paleomagnetic pole determinations in the Chersky Range into question (Stone), or provided a much more detailed geochronology of the formation of the granites in the Kolyma granitic belt (Layer). [ Return to Top ]
Section 5: Metallogeny and Mineral Resources of Eastern Arctic.
Leaders: Dr. K.Dawson (The Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver), Acad. A.A.Sidorov (Northeast Research Center, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan), Scientific Secretary: Dr. N.A.Goryachev (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan). For this section, 39 reports were submitted including 12 oral presentations at the plenary session and 14 poster presentations. These presentations considered the problems of metallogeny and reserves of platinoids (4 reports), gold (6 reports), silver (5 reports), also general metallogeny of the northern Circumpacific (9 reports) and throughout the world (1 report). There was also the presentation made by M.D.Balen on the Alaska mineral industry cost escalation factors. The presentations were made at a high scientific and professional level and are important to understand the regularities of distribution of mineral deposits and occurrences on the basis of new plate tectonic conceptions.
The main result of the work under this section was the discussion of the joint project, that will be finished soon, on the compilation of the Northern Circumpacific Metallogenic Map, Scale 1:5,000,000, with the involvement of specialists from Russia, U.S. and Canada. In reports made by W.Nokleberg with co-authors, A.A.Sidorov with co-authors, K.Dawson with co-authors, V.V.Ratkin with co-authors and T.Bundtzen with co-authors, the principles and methods used to compile such maps were considered and descriptions of metallogenic belts throughout Russia, Canada and U.S. were given. This metallogenic project is the first cooperative study, that demonstrates many advantages of using a single research approach to examine the geologic structural environment and synthesis the regularities of minerals distribution throughout a vast territory consisting of regions with different formational history. The first portion of these materials was already published in U.S. and is in a great demand now, as it is the first English summary of geology and metallogeny of not only Alaska and Canada but also northeastern Russia, and the latter is the area actually unknown for our foreign colleagues. The second portion of these materials is also planned to be published. The prospects for the like metallogenic studies in Siberia and northern Mongolia were discussed at this section.
The rest of the reports were on specific but still important questions of metallogeny of platinoids in platiniferous districts (presentations by J.Foley and L.Bottomer) and in auriferous districts in shales (presentation by A.A.Sidorov and co-authors). Presentations made by A.A.Sidorov, G.N.Gamyanin, N.A.Goryachev, Yu.V.Chudinov, M.Z.Zinnatullin with co-authors, included regional generalizations and comparisons and considered the occurrence of mineral deposits in geologic structures with respect to their forming processes.
The questions of mineralogy of gold and silver deposits were thoroughly examined in reports made by N.E.Savva, A.A.Plyashkevich, S.F.Petrov, E.E.Tyukova with co-authors. Some presentations including those by K.Dawson, S.S.Yudin and V.I.Shpikerman were devoted to general problems of metallogeny. V.I.Shpikerman put forward in his report the idea to distinguish the Circumalazeya metallogenic belt as a new metallogenic structure in northeastern Russia. [ Return to Top ]
Leaders: Dr. M.Ibrahim (Minerals Management Service, Herndon, U.S.), Dr. O.V.Scherban (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan). For this section, 19 reports were submitted, and 6 of them were delivered as oral presentations. Presentations made by D.V.Lazurkin with co-authors on oil-and-gas areas in Arctic, and K.Sherwood on hydrocarbon potential of the Chukchi Sea shelf became of the most interest for the audience. [ Return to Top ]
Section 7: Permafrost, Engineering Geology and Mining Ecology.
Leaders: D.Carter (U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage), Dr.P.Kourfurst (The Natural Resources Service of Canada, Ottawa), Dr.G.Z.Perlshtein (Institute of Permafrost, Magadan), Scientific Secretary: T.V.Bantsekina (Institute of Permafrost, Magadan). For this section, 39 reports were submitted, and 14 of them were delivered as oral presentations at the plenary session and 8 as poster presentations. The submitted reports dealt with four major problems as follows: 1) general regularities of formation of frozen rocks; 2) the engineering problems of industrial development in permafrost areas; 3) the environmental impact from industrial development in cryolithic zone areas; 4) geophysical prospecting of frozen rocks.
The materials presented at this section were appreciated by the participants of the open discussion as being original and high-professional, and having a high scientific and applied significance. The method of computer modeling of heat exchange processes usually used in permafrost science to reconstruct paleoclimates of Pleistocene attracted a particular interest of the audience. Also, the presentation made by V.A.Basisty and A.A.Buyskin on the thickness of frozen rocks as related to the character of the sedimentation and neotectonic movements was of a general interest for the audience. During these discussions, the participants said their proposals on the development of cooperative Russian-American studies [ Return to Top ]
Leaders: W.Rosenbucsh, the Assistant Secretary of the Interior (U.S.Department of the Interior, Washington) and Dr. O.V.Scherban, the President of the Northeast Petroleum Operating Agency (Magadan). The round-table discussion was about the "Joint Call for Nomination and Comments for the Proposed Simultaneous Lease Sale of the U.S. Chukchi Sea and Hope Basin Tracts and the Adjacent Russian Northern and Southern Chukchi Tracts", that was published in the American and Russian press by the Minerals Management Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Federation of Russia Committee on Geology and Mineral Resources. The participants in this discussion were representatives of the U.S. Department of the Interior, the Government of the Magadan Region and Chukchi Autonomous Area, the Federation of Russia Committee on Geology and Mineral Resources, Russia Academy of Sciences, environmental organizations from Magadan and Magadan Region, Russian and foreign oil companies, public and press. The questions considered by the participants during this round-table discussion included those of the offshore areas offered for the lease sale with respect to the Russia-U.S. boundary, environmental protection, as for instance, rare and endangered species, providing for the safety of exploration drilling operations and so on. This round-table meeting was actually the first public discussion, held in Russia, of the proposed project of hydrocarbons development in the Russia Far East offshore. [ Return to Top ]
According to the ICAM-94 schedule, there were two geologic field trips organized for the ICAM-94 participants.
A one-day field trip to the Magadan gabbro-granite pluton. Leader: Dr. M.L.Gelman (Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Russia Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, Magadan). This field trip was on September 8 and 9, 4 to 8 p.m. The participants were 10 scientists from U.S., Canada, Japan and Russia.
The Magadan rock mass represents a complex
history of Late Mesozoic, i.e. Late Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous, magmatism in northeastern Siberia and is considered to be standard. The participants familiarized themselves with non-contemporaneous plutonic rocks having contacts inside this rock mass and revealing numerous intrusion phases. The visitors became much interested in outcrops of a granite-hosted mafic synplutonic dike, mixed tuff with felsic pyroclasts in felsic matrix and, vice versa, with mafic pyroclasts in felsic matrix illustrating the magma mixing during intrusive and volcanic processes. The participants also saw different volcanic metamorphism events and non-commercial occurrences of copper mineralization of porphyry type characteristic of the OCVB interior. Their attention was also drawn to how rift-related processes of Miocene influenced granitoids of the Magadan rock mass. The participants of this field trip discussed different questions of the geology and petrography of this rock mass, that is similar to the Sierra-Nevada and other batholiths of the North American Cordillera.
"The Golden Ring of Kolyma" field trip took place on September 9-20. Leader: Dr. M.E.Gorodinsky. The participants were 11 specialists from U.S., Canada, Australia and Japan.
The participants visited different gold and gold-silver lode deposits including the Dukat, Natalka, Uschelny, Karamken and others, and gold placer deposits including the Debin, Chai-Yurya, Orotukan and other deposits; they also familiarized themselves with Permian and Early-to-Mid Jurassic sedimentary sequences of the Verkhnoyan complex and Cretaceous volcanic-sedimentary sequences, that make up the Okhotsk-Chukchi Volcanic Belt. In addition to the schedule of this field trip, the participants also visited the Lunnoe and Nadezhda mineral deposits, some gold lodes and tin occurrences. They also had the opportunity to visit the former Butugychag labour camp of the GULAG, the Talaya spa and the Kolyma hydro-electric plant. In Magadan, they visited the Museum of Local History and Nature and geological museums. [ Return to Top ]
The results of the ICAM-94 meeting can be summarized as follows.
In general, the ICAM-94 meeting was a success despite certain financial and organizational problems and difficulties mentioned above. The main results of this Conference include, first, the establishment of professional contacts between specialists from many countries, primarily Russia, U.S., Canada and Japan. Second, the results obtained under come international joint projects with the involvement of researchers from Russia, U.S. and Canada, that embrace a broad spectrum of the Arctic geology ranging from paleogeographic and paleoclimatic reconstructions to the tectono-metallogenic generalization actually covering the entire northern Circumpacific, were the first time delivered at this Conference. Third, it was the first time in the history of Russia that a public discussion of a simultaneous lease sale proposed for the Chukchi Sea offshore was held, with the involvement of scientists, people from industry and Russia and U.S. governments, and representatives of the interested foreign oil companies including the Mobil, Texaco, Shell and others, Russian business circles, public and press.
K.V.Simakov
Chairman ICAM-94 Organizing Committee,
Corresponding Member of the Russia Academy of Sciences [ Return to Top ]
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